How do our earliest experiences forge the contours of personality? Psychoanalysts have long sought to illuminate this question, offering frameworks to decode the intricate processes of human development. Two compelling perspectives—Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual stages and Hyman Spotnitz’s pre-Oedipal conditions—provide distinct lenses on how infancy and early childhood shape the psyche.

You don't mean to do it. Someone gets close—really close—and something in you starts to pull back. You pick a fight. You go cold. You find a reason to leave, or you act in a way that makes them leave first. Afterward, you wonder: why do I keep doing this?

You've noticed the pattern. The people you're drawn to—really drawn to, with that pull you can't quite explain—are the ones who don't fully show up. They're charming but hard to pin down. Warm one moment, distant the next. You keep thinking this time will be different. It never is.